Como solucionar:
SQL> shutdown abort;
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup nomount pfile="/usr/lib/oracle/xe/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/server/config/scripts/initXETemp.ora";
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 146800640 bytes
Fixed Size 1257668 bytes
Variable Size 58724156 bytes
Database Buffers 83886080 bytes
Redo Buffers 2932736 bytes
SQL> Create controlfile reuse set database "XE"
2 MAXINSTANCES 8
3 MAXLOGHISTORY 1
4 MAXLOGFILES 16
5 MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
6 MAXDATAFILES 100
7 Datafile
8 '/usr/lib/oracle/xe/oradata/XE/system.dbf',
9 '/usr/lib/oracle/xe/oradata/XE/undo.dbf',
10 '/usr/lib/oracle/xe/oradata/XE/sysaux.dbf',
11 '/usr/lib/oracle/xe/oradata/XE/users.dbf'
12 LOGFILE
13 GROUP 1 SIZE 51200K,
14 GROUP 2 SIZE 51200K,
15 RESETLOGS;
Control file created.
SQL> alter system enable restricted session;
System altered.
SQL> alter database "XE" open resetlogs;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database rename global_name to "XE";
Database altered.
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SQL> alter system checkpoint;
System altered.
SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE TEMP ADD TEMPFILE '/usr/lib/oracle/xe/oradata/XE/temp.dbf' SIZE 20480K REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 640K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED;
Tablespace altered.
SQL> select tablespace_name from dba_tablespaces where tablespace_name='USERS';
no rows selected
SQL> alter system disable restricted session;
System altered.
Deste modo salvei a database. Agora como o banco está utilizando um PFILE e não SPFILE, para abrir a database 'XE' utilize:
$ sqlplus sys as sysdba
SQL> startup open pfile="/usr/lib/oracle/xe/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/server/config/scripts/initXETemp.ora";
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